Prof.  Vladimir V.  Tchernyi
Modern Science Institute, SAIBR, Moscow,  Russia

Title: The Discovery of the Nature of the Separation of Chunks of the Visible Dense Rings of Saturn, predicted by J. C. Maxwell in 1865, and How it Helps Solve Unresolved Problems in Gravitational Theories o

Abstract:

Space of the solar system is not empty there is gravity and magnetism. In our study of the origin of Saturn's dense rings, we found that Saturn's magnetism may contribute to the origin and stability of the visible dense rings at Saturn's equator and help improve explanations for observed features such as thin structure of rings, the separation of dense rings and ice chunks in rings. The origin of the dense rings is still questionable. In fact, gravitational models only take into account how ice from debris formed after destruction of a passing celestial body or as result of collisions of various types could enter the protoplanetary cloud to fill the rings (N. Gorkavyi and A. Fridman, 1990; S. Charnoz et al. Icarus, 2009; R. Canup. Nature, 2010; J. Wisdom et al. Science, 2022; L.F.A. Teodoro et al, 2023). Unfortunately, all gravitational theories are not correct in their titles, since they do not describe the physical process of the formation of a disk of dense rings at the Saturn's equator, the formation of a thin structure in it, separation of rings in the group of them and equilibrium separation of ice chunks in rings. This means there is no gravitational model that convincingly explains the origin and observed features of dense rings of Saturn (A. Crida, S. Charnoz. Nature, 2010; J. Cuzzi et al. Science, 2010; L. Esposito. AREPS, 2010). Visible dense rings may also be relics of ice chunks from protoplanetary cloud of Saturn with a radius less than the Roche limit (V. Safronov, NASA, 1972). James Webb Space Telescope recently detected water in the protoplanetary cloud of a forming exoplanet (Perotti et al. 2023), and this is an argument in favor of Safronov’s theory.

Cassini found that ice chunks of visible dense rings consist of 90-95% water ice (F. Poulet, J. Cuzzi. Icarus, 2002). It also found are isotopes of deuterium and hydrogen, which are the same as for Earth's ice. Of the 20 types of ice on Earth. Ice XI is more suitable for the dense rings of Saturn (R. Hemley. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 2000). It has stable parameters below 73K and it has diamagnetic behavior (V. Tchernyi & S. Kapranov. RNAAS, 2021). Based on these data we proposed process of Magnetic Anisotropic Accretion, associated with influence of Saturn’s magnetic field in the protoplanetary cloud on the ice chunks (V. Tchernyi, S. Kapranov. arXiv:2104.03967, 2021). The magnetic field provides the force of diamagnetic expulsion. Then all the orbits of the ice chunks within Roche limit-size cloud began to have additional force to shift their orbits into the plane of the magnetic equator where their energy have a minimal value. At the end of their movement, a stable disk of dense rings formed under mutual influence of gravitational and magnetic fields on ice chunks. Eventually all ice chunks are trapped in a tree-dimensional magnetic well.

Cassini discovered that Saturn’s magnetic equator almost coincides with the geographical one (M. Dougherty et al. Science, 2018). At the location of dense rings, the contribution of the total magnetospheric field is dominated by the planet's own magnetic field, which appears very steady and dominated by the dipolar component Bɵ (N. Andre et al. Rev Geophys, 2008).

With data of Cassini probe, we have found solution to the problem of the interaction of the gravitational and magnetic fields with diamagnetic ice chunks moving around Saturn in a protoplanetary cloud (V. Tchernyi, S. Kapranov. ApJ, 2020; AAS Journal Author Series: Vladimir Tchernyi on 2020ApJ…894...62T: https://youtu.be/La7RmcWGUTQ). The ice chunks of visible dense rings located on the Saturn’s equator, and remain separated, otherwise they can stick together and form another moon (V. Tchernyi, S. Kapranov. arXiv: 2204.03414, 2022).

The fact that visible dense rings along the orbit are not continuous, but consist of separate chunks of matter, was studied and proven by J.C. Maxwell (MNARS, 1859). At that time, there was no evidence that chunks of the rings’ matter consist of ice and that ice has diamagnetic behavior (V. Tchernyi, S. Kapranov. RNAAS, 2021). The Cassini probe received this data during its mission only in 2004-2017.

The Newtonian dynamics of one chunk of ice is differ from the dynamics of the ice chunks assembled in rings. Ice chunks in the rings repel each other under influence of magnetic force and are attracted each other under the influence of gravity. From the balance of gravitational attraction and magnetic repulsion, we have derived the expression for equilibrium and stable distance between ice pieces in the rings. (V. Tchernyi, S. Kapranov. Space Research Today. Letter to Editor. April 2024. P. 80-85; V. Tchernyi, S. Kapranov & M. Belodedov. Adv. Theor. Comp. Phys. 2024. V. 7.No. 3. P. 1).

The results obtained in our study are fully confirmed by measurements and images of visible dense rings obtained by the Cassini probe.

Biography:

Vladimir V. Tchernyi (Cherny) has Ph.D. and Dr.Sci. in Radiophysics including Quantum Radiophysics and he is Professor. He is a member of Laser Academy of Sciences of the Russian Federation, Academy of Engineering Sciences named after Nobel laureate A.M. Prokhorov, International Informatization Academy and International Academy of Energy and Information Sciences. He is a member of the Board of the Russian Agency for the Development of the Information Society (RARIO). He used to work as a research scientist at the Kotelnikov Institute of Radio-Engineering and Electronics and at the Institute of General Physics Institute, both with the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow. He was a head of the Department of Radiophysics of Volgograd State University in Russia and he was a research scientist at the University of California at Berkeley. Now he is a Director of the Modern Science Institute, SAIBR in Moscow where he is doing research in the area of advance science and innovative technology. He was lecturing in the USA and other countries of Europe, Africa and Asia. He presented talks at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville of Alabama, Astronomy Institute in Honolulu of Hawaii, USA National Bureau of Standards in Washington, University of California at Berkeley, George Washington University in Washington, University of California in San Diego, Astronomy Institute of University of Argentina at La Plata, University of Alexandria Egypt, South Africa, etc.

During 2019-2023 he presented talks at ISSM Xi’an, China 2019, Inter. Conf. Phys. & Networks, Houston 2019, 235 AAS Meeting 2020, 43rd COSPAR Scientific Assembly 2021, XXXIV URSI GASS 2021, EPSC2021, 53rd DPS AAS Meeting 2021, 12M-S3 2021, 238th AAS Meeting 2021, 53LPSC 2022, 44th COSPAR Scientific Assembly, 13M-S3 2022, 14M-S3 2023, IAU 2024 Cape Town RSA etc.

Tchernyi V. published more than 100 research articles in the area of Saturn’s rings origin, oceanography, laser technology, microelectronics and nanotechnology, integrated optics and laser in medicine. Recently he is busy with his latest discovery devoted to the mechanism of the origin of Saturn rings. Please, see recent articles: Tchernyi V.V., Kapranov S.V. J.C. Maxwell had almost solved the dense rings origin problem but in his time, there was no data on particles. Letter to the Editor. COSPAR Space Research Today. April 2024. No. 2019. P. 80-85 Tchernyi V.V., Kapranov S.V., Belodedov M.V. The repulsion force between ice bodies in dense rings of Saturn, J.C. Maxwell proposed in 1856. Advances in Theoretical & Computational Physics. 2024. V. 7. No. 3. P. 1-3